Chapter 12

Summary:

It takes a lot of hard work to raise a child; there are many thing that you should expect but there is nothing that is guaranteed. When a child is first born, its parent do not automatically know what to do, but they are "taught" by the infant how to meet its needs. The parent then begins to fill the parent role with everything they do. When a person become a parent they begin to deal with thing such as:

• role conflict
• role strain
• unrealistic role expectations
• decreased authority
• increased responsibility
• high parenting standards

Because of these expectation, there is going to be an ideal parents that both men and women strive to be for their child. However, unfortunately many parents will fall short of these expectations. Even in their shortcomings though, they will be able to raise good kids.

Some Theories of Development
Theory of the Social Self (Mead)	Cognitive Development Theory (Paiget)	Psychosocial Theory of Human Development (Erikson)
Stage 1: Imitation (0-2 years) Stage 2: Pay (2-6 years) Stage 3: Games (6+ years)	1. Sensorimotor Stage (0-2 years) 2. Pre-operational Stage (2-7 years) 3. Concrete Operational Stage (8-12 years) 4. Formal Operational Stage (13+ years)	I. Trust vs. Mistrust (0-1 year) II. Autonomy vs. Shame, Doubt (2-3 years) III. Initiative vs. Guilt ( 4-5 years) IV. Industry vs. Inferiority (6-12 years) V. Identity vs. Identity Confusion (13-19) VI. Intimacy vs. Isolation (20-30 years) VII. Generativity vs. Self-Absorption (31-64 years) VIII. Integrity vs. Despair (65+)

When it comes to parenting there are some thing that will vary by ethnicity and social class. Things that will vary by ethnicity are the amount of time a parent will spend with their child, and how much they will monitor their child's activities. Characteristics of the different socioeconomic statuses (SES) among parents are as follows:

Low-SES Families

• poverty/unemployment
• racism
• depression among mothers
• families started by adolescents
• adultification of children

Middle-SES Families

• more resources
• provide for their families
• facilitation of child self-expression
• parents may seek professional help about parenting
• educational and cultural opportunities

High-SES Families

• more money = more education, more health care, more reading materials, more extracurricular activities, more enhancement in life

When raising a child, it will not be the same thing throughout the life of the child. As the child grows the type of parenting, as well as the needs of the child, changes.

Infants:

- infants are demanding

- parents many feel fatigued and stressed

Children:

- children may or may be able to control their behavior (depending on the parenting as an infant)

- encouraging to explore environment

- emergence of possible medicalization

- possibility of having too many activities

Teenagers:

- relationship with parents change

- parents could too TOO involved in the teens life

Four Parenting Styles
Type of Parenting	Amount of Parental Support	Amount of Parental Control
Authoritarian	Low	High
Permissive	High	Low
Authoritative	High	High
Uninvolved	Low	Low

Some things that will have an impact on how a child is raised (and how there childhood goes) are:

- absent fathers

- economic deprivation

- social deprivation

- dual-employed with kids families

-latchkey kids

- electronic media

- childhood obesity

New Things:

I was shocked to find out that "On average, children ages 2 to 17 watch more than 18,000 food ads annually; 72 percent of the ads are for candy and snack foods, sugary cereal, and fast food". Those numbers are unbelievable.

Discussion:

I would like to know which one of the four parenting styles does the class think is best.